Propagation in fruit crops

Propagation

• Multiplication of plants is known as propagation.

Types

• A. Vegetative propagation – multiplication of plant through any vegetative plant part.

Cutting

• Anatomical basis of rooting was done by a French dendrologist Duhamel du Monceau in 1758.
• Internal origin of roots is called as endogenous (root & shoot arise within the stem, near vascular tissue, outside the cambium).
• Burr knots – in clonally apple & cherry rootstocks, the performed root initials show a swelling (out growth) on the stem is called as burr knot.
• Auxins have a greates effect on root formation in the cutting.
• The cutting of Langra mango do not root easily because the presence of high concentration of abscisic acid.
• Bouillence and Went were the first name the root forming factor of leaf, cotyledon and buds as rhizocaline in 1933.

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1. Hard wood cutting

• Prepared during dormant season.
• More successful in deciduous fruit plants.
• E.g. fig, grape, pear, olive, pomegranate, mulberry.

2. Semi-hard wood cutting

• Used in ever green plants.
• E.g. lemon, jack fruit, mango, guava.

3. Root cutting

• Best time is winter or early spring.
• E.g. black berry, raspberry, apple, pear, cherry.

Bottom heat technique

• Novel technique for rooting in semi-hard wood cutting (30±20C).
• E.g. mango, guava & lemon.

Snap test

• It is a method to determine whether the shoot is woody or not for proper of rooting.
• Used for soft wood cutting.

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Grafting

• It was supposed to be known to the Chinese as early as 1000 B.C.
• It is helpful to overcome the self incompatible.
• In monocot plants do not respond to grafting due to absence of cambium layer.

Attached method of grafting

1. Inarching

• Used for repairing damaged root system so also called as repair grafting.
• Rejuvenate the old, damaged tree to give a new lease of life, which is known as adjuvant grafting. E.g. mango, sapota.

2. Tongue approach grafting

• Modification of simple inarching. E.g. apple, pear & walnut.

3. Bridge grafting

• Used to repair to damaged trunk/stock of the plant.

Detached method

1. Splice / whip grafting

• Apple, pear.

2. Tongue grafting

• Modification of whip grafting.
• Six times cambium is matched so more survival. E.g. apple.

3. Side grafting

• Mango.

4. Notch grafting

• Also called as inlaying.
• More useful in humid tropical areas.

5. Veneer grafting

• Shots are defoliated 5 - 10 days prior to grafting.
• Commercially propagated by veneer grafting in north India.
• It is highly useful for establishing in situ orchards and top working.
• Mango.

6. Cleft or wedge grafting

• During dormant season.
• Also used for rejuvenating the old orchards of temperate fruits by top working.
• E.g. walnut, hazel nut, pecanut & grape.

7. Soft wood grafting

• Also called as in situ.
• Effective in dry and areas where low rainfall.
• For soft wood grafting rootstock - 60 - 70 days old. E.g. mango, sapota, cashew nut.

8. Epicotyl grafting / stone grafting

• Selected less than two week old rootstock with mature scion.
• This technique has been commercialized for rapid multiplication of mango in Konkan region in M.H. for multiplication of mango.

9. Root grafting

• In root grafting whip method of grafting is used.
• Ideal temperature for healing process and callusing is 7 - 210C.

10. Crown grafting

• Deciduous fruit trees.

11. Green wood grafting

• Used in grape to establish the desired cultivar on phylloxera or nematode resistant rootstock.

12. Top working / to grafting

• Mango, cashew.

13. Double working / double grafting

• Used to overcome incompatibility.
• Bartlet pear on Quince rootstock with inter-stock Old Home and Buerre Hardy.

14. Micrografting

• Grafting of tiny plant part under aseptic controlled environment conditions is called as micrografting.
• Citrus, apple & plum.

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Budding / bud grafting

• Success of budding method depends upon the barks slipping ability of stock & scion.

4 stages of successful bud union

1. Pre-callus stage

• 5 - 8 days after budding operation.

2. Callus formation

• 5 - 8 days of budding.

3. Formation of Cambium Bridge

• 15 - 20 days after budding.

4. Healing of the bud union

• 6 - 8 months of budding.

Types

1. T - Budding / shield budding

• ‘Shield is the shape of the bud’.
• Used thick bark plants.
• E.g. apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, citrus & cherry.

2. Inverted T-budding

• Chest nut.
• Used in high rainfall areas.

3. Patch budding

• Thick bark.
• Walnut, pecanut, mango, rubber, aonla, jack fruit, jamun.

4. Ring / angular budding

• (Stock is completely girdled) aonla.

5. Chip budding

• Grape is budded on nematode or phylloxera tolerant rootstock.
• Apple, pear, grape.

6. Flute budding

• Procedure is same as in patch budding.

7. Skin budding

• Citrus.

8. Micro-budding

• Propagating citrus in Australia.

Different time of budding

1. Spring budding (March - April)

• Bud dormant & stock active.
• Citrus.

2. June budding (June)

• Peach, plum, apricot, cherry, ber & aonla.

3. Fall budding (mid June to mid September)

• Aonla, mango, guava, ber, bael, lack fruit, walnut.

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Layering

• Principle of layering - etiolation.
• Etiolation – growing particular plant part in darkness.
• Bes time - Feb. - March & June - July.

1. Simple layering

• Easiest method.
• Citrus, guava.

2. Tip layering

• Dimpliest method f layering.
• Black berry, rasp berry, dew berry, currants.

3. Serpentine or compound layering

• Modification of simple layering - muscadine grape.

4. Continuous / trench layering

• Walnut, apple, cherry etc.

5. Air layering

• Introduced from China.
• Other name in China - Marcottage.
• In India - Goottee.
• Rooting takes place 15 - 20 days aftyer layering.
• Formed in the aerial part of the plant.
• Sphagnum moss grass is used for air layering.
• Litchi, guava, kagzi lime.

6. Stooling / mound layering

• The term was coined by Lynch in 1942.
• Cherry, plum, litchi & guava.

7. Pot layering

• In south India mango & sapota is propagated by pot layering.

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Micropropagation

• Shoot tip culture - strawberry, banana.
• Meristem culture - citrus, apple, pear.

Others

• Suckers - banana, pineapple, date palm.
• Runners - strawberry.
• Offsets - date palm.
• Slips & crown - pineapple.
• Root suckers - pilu.